In the past 40 years, the HEP (high energy physics, the foundational physics) is solidly based on the SM (Standard Model) which is a phenomenological model (with many free parameters), also based on Higgs mechanism.
In the theoretical front, there are some key issues.
One, Naturalness (restraining the Higgs boson mass; resolving the hierarchy issue).
Two, SUSY (with s-particles), the solution for naturalness.
Three, Cosmic Inflation scenario to eternal inflation to Multiverse (dodging the mystery of the nature constants issue, claiming that the nature constants (CC, Alpha, Higgs boson mass, Planck CMB data, Cabibbo/Weinberg angles, etc.) of THIS UNIVERSE are all environmental and cannot be derived.
Four, black hole information paradox.
Five, how to construct the quantum gravity.
Yet, all the issues above seemingly could be resolved by M-string theory, as:
SUSY is the direct consequence of M-string.
Multiverse is the direct consequence of M-string.
The black hole entropy can be calculated by M-string.
Graviton is the direct consequence of M-string.
That is, the M-string theory is the only TOE (theory of everything).
B: The dissidents
However, there are a few (very few) disagreed with the M-string’s claim in the mainstream HEP community.
In the 2004, Peter Woit and Lee Smolin disagreed with M-string’ claim with two reasons.
M-string is just a framework of ideas (not well-defined theory),
and thus, it cannot predict anything while explain everything.
So, it is a pseudo-science.
While Peter Woit keeps up his anti-M-string campaign, Lee Smolin drifted off.
Around 2015, Sabine Hossenfelder kind of joined this dissident group while her key disagreement is on the Naturalness issue without openly denouncing the M-string.
Also, around 2015, Paul Steinhardt (the inventor of ‘inflationary cosmology’) began to distance himself from what he had invented.
In addition to this dissident group is so puny, they are criticized for their big shortcomings:
{they just disagree without anything new of their own).
So, M-string is the ONLY game in town STILL.
C: The dawn
The first light:
On June 4, 2021, Peter Woit stated: {If a highly complex and obscure set of ideas accurately computes the details of something you can observe, you know there is something right about it, even if you don’t understand the set of ideas.} See https://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=12353#comment-238968
Obviously, the {ideas accurately compute the details of something you can observe} refers to the followings: (Alpha, CC, Higgs boson mass, Planck CMB data, etc.)
Amen!
Thanks for your futile effort on trying to save the CERN people from their stupidity.
Just let them do their cheating in this life, as Nature will damn them eternally.
Show them the graph below on the Dark matter/Energy issue. pic.twitter.com/rjs0SbkSaK
After being a dissident for the past 20 years, Dr. Woit is putting out something new of his own.
The following is some background about his new work.
Einstein’s GR (general relativity, a gravity theory) is based on Minkowski geometry while the SM (QFT) was written with Euclidean geometry.
So, the difficulty of unifying GR with quantum (SM) is caused by some irreducible difference between the Euclidean geometry and Minkowski geometry.
Then, there is another issue, the {imaginary time} which was used in physics in two ways.
One, as the mathematical convenience for physics calculation, without any physical meaning of its own.
Two, as a novelty at the point (or before) of the big bang while it is not a part of space-time after the big bang.
In Dr. Woit’s new work, he tried two things.
One, projecting both geometry (Euclidean and Minkowski) into twistor space.
Two, adding a distinguished imaginary time direction into Euclidean twistor space, then the difference between Euclidean and Minkowski can be bridged, that is, a geometrical unification. And thus, the Gravi-weak unification becomes possible.
My words to Dr. Woit:
Good work, but too tortuous (long way …)
Two points:
Quanta is a bag (not a point)
Now (+t) and past (-t) coexist in this bag at the same time
The creation of this bag [symmetry breaking from a ghost point (imaginary time (+/- it)]
So, this bag encompasses (+/- t, +/- it)
Space-time is physics.
Describing space-time with geometry of any kind is linguistics.
Using linguistics to GET physics: backwards but is better than nothing.
See the graph. pic.twitter.com/ggUwSpuuva
Shut up and calculate:
With {Time quanta (a pouch bag, one end open)}, all nature constants (CC, Alpha, Cabibbo/Weinberg angles, Planck CMB data, Higgs boson mass, etc.) can be calculated.
See the graph below. pic.twitter.com/QfxsNi54dp
Planck’s principle”: “A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it.”
SM (standard model of HEP; a phenomenological model) has many FREE parameters (Alpha, CC, Higgs boson mass, etc.) and provides no HINT for the Planck CMB data.
M-string (with or without SUSY) cannot improve SM a single bit.
See Peter Woit’s comment https://t.co/CDYNBDB9Lk
Condolence, of course (RIP), but
HEP Standard Model based on Weinberg/Higgs theory must fall into an eternal Dead End, no escape, as W/H is a big crap.
HEP Standard Model absolutely does not need a single Weinberg/Higgs crap, see https://t.co/kInwcOEtNr
Condolence, of course (RIP), but
Fact 1: Standard Model (SM) is incomplete
F2: No advancement on SM for the past 40 yrs, at a dead end
Reason: Weinberg/Higgs theory is crap
Can never resurrect a post-SM eternally (from a crap)
See https://t.co/kInwcOEtNr
Super Unified Theory (published in 1984)
Sent a copy to Steven Weinberg in 1994
Reply: no future
Soon, Weinberg abandoned HEP
My interpretation: no future under Weinberg’s watch
See https://t.co/ENs1Vi51gh
Without Majorana neutrino, Higgs mechanism is WRONG.
Without SUSY, the Higgs boson mass must be thousands times higher than the observed value.
That is, Higgs Mechanism Nobel is a total NONSENSE.
Only by deriving nature constant, it can be RIGHT, see https://t.co/kVYWxFblnhpic.twitter.com/JKQIjiWYKe
My great condolence to Weinberg (RIP).
Yet {Science Advances One Funeral at a Time}.
Peter Woit: {If a highly complex and obscure set of ideas accurately computes the details of something you can observe, you know there is something right about it, …}https://t.co/kInwcOEtNr
在物理学家中,温伯格最钦佩的英雄是牛顿;而在全人类中,他最钦佩的英雄是莎士比亚 [5]。他曾经在一篇与萨拉姆和戈德斯通合作的论文开头,写上莎翁笔下的李尔王对小女儿考狄利娅的反驳:“Nothing will come of nothing: speak again(一无所有只能换来一无所有:再说)”,以表达对结论的失望(可惜被编辑删去了)[6]。难怪温伯格喜欢写作。确实,温伯格也是最吸引读者和最受尊重的科学传播大师之一。因为写作上的成就,他获得1999年 Lewis Thomas 科学写作奖和 2009年 James Joyce 奖。2020年的科学突破奖特别奖除了 “奖励他对基础物理持续的领导,对粒子物理,引力和宇宙学的广泛影响”,也奖励他 “对广大公众进行科学传播” [7]。 他1977年的畅销书 The First Three Minutes(《最初三分钟》),为大爆炸宇宙学在科学家和公众中的传播起到了历史性作用。温伯格做过很多公众演讲,写过很多科普文章和杂文,出版过很多书,涉及面极广,包括了天文学、宇宙学与物理学、物理学家、科学史、还原论、科学论战、公共事务、政治、宗教、给学生的建议、个人经历等等。1982年出版的《亚原子粒子的发现(Discovery of Subatomic Particles)》来自他此前的两年中,在哈佛大学和德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校的两次物理学史课程。他在序言中指出, 20世纪物理学的发现已经是文化的一部分,这本书适合对这些感兴趣,但是没有系统学过物理的一般读者,所用数学不超过简单的算术,但是物理学家可能也对此书感兴趣。1986年,费曼和温伯格在剑桥做了纪念狄拉克的演讲,两人的演讲分别是 The Reason for Antiparticles(反粒子的理由)和 Towards the Final Laws of Physics(寻找物理学的终极定律),被汇集成Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics(《基本粒子和物理学定律》)。温伯格将后来的公众演讲和报刊文章汇编为三本文集—— Facing Up(《仰望苍穹》)、Lake View(《湖畔遐思》)以及 Third Thoughts(《第三思想》,意为第三本文集),分别对应他2000年之前,2000-2008年和2009-2018年三个时期的作品。用他自己的话说,他的演讲和文章清晰展示了他 “理性、还原论、实在论和虔诚的非宗教主义思想”。 温伯格是还原论的旗手。他认为 [8],“还原论的方案(将所有的科学原理归结为几条简单的物理定律)不是唯一重要的科学,或者不是唯一重要的一类科学,但是它自有一种特殊的重要性。”围绕这个话题,他写过很多文章,以及一本书 Dreams of a Final Theory(《终极理论之梦》)。表面上,这些观点与层展论旗手、凝聚态物理学家安德森(Philip Anderson)的观点相左。但是笔者认为,还原论与层展论是硬币的两面,相辅相成,安德森所说的 “基本”(fundamental)与温伯格所说的 “基本”(fundamental)的含义并不一样。作为科学的发言人和实在论的代表,温伯格参与了社会建构主义者、后现代主义者的论战。在很多演讲和文章中,他强调了科学的客观性和非人格性,即存在客观的实在和客观的真,而科学描述这个客观实在和客观的真。然而,他也注重科学家在科学活动中的主观过程。他说过 [5]——
温伯格小传1933年5月3日,温伯格生于纽约的一个犹太人家庭。他对科学的兴趣受到父亲(一位法庭速记员)的鼓励。15到16岁时,温伯格的兴趣已经集中于理论物理。当时他读过伽莫夫的科普书。在Bronx理科高中,他与格拉肖(Sheldon L. Glashow)、费因伯格(Gerard Feinberg)是亲密的同学,而且都对科幻很感兴趣 [3]。这个学校有3位校友得到诺奖:库柏(Leon Cooper,1972)、温伯格(1979)、格拉肖(1979)。1950年高中毕业,费因伯格去了哥伦比亚大学,后成为李政道的研究生,又成为本校的教授;而格拉肖和温伯格去了康奈尔大学。温伯格在康奈尔读本科时认识了露易丝(Louise),毕业时结婚。夫妇二人打算在国外生活度过浪漫的一年再回美国。当时欧洲核研究组织(The European Organization for Nuclear Research, 简称CERN)的理论部在丹麦哥本哈根大学理论物理研究所(1962年玻尔去世后,改称玻尔研究所),物理学家达里兹(Richard Dalitz)建议温伯格去那里 [9]。1954年,温伯格成为玻尔研究所的研究生。他带去了很多书。爱读书的习惯与他的博学以及后来写了那么多书和文章很一致。温伯格与玻尔只简单交谈过,关于玻尔的一个主要记忆是,在玻尔家的一次晚会上,玻尔与露易丝谈了很长时间,但是露易丝一句也没听懂。 当时温伯格以为做研究之前,需要了解这个领域的所有已知。但玻尔研究所的人建议温伯格要立即开始做科研。后来温伯格以此经历,告诉学生:没有人知道所有的事,你也不必 [1]。温伯格在 David Frisch 建议下研究α衰变,但是没有做出结果。Gunnar Källén和泡利刚证明了李模型(李政道提出的一个模型)中的散射违反量子力学的幺正性(总概率保持为1)。Källén希望温伯格研究李模型还有什么问题 [9]。在他指导下,温伯格证明了李模型中有能量为复数(应该是实数)。一年后,在回美国的船上,温伯格完成这个工作,成为他第一篇论文。 1955年,温伯格成为普林斯顿大学博士研究生,导师是费米的学生崔曼(Sam Treiman)。博士论文是将重整化理论用于强相互作用在弱相互作用过程中的作用。 1957年博士毕业后,温伯格来到哥伦比亚大学,成为中学同学费因伯格的同事。李政道主持哥伦比亚的理论物理,正是在1957年,与杨振宁共同获得诺奖的那年。两年后温伯格去了加州大学伯克利分校,1964年成为教授。因为夫人露易丝进入哈佛大学法学院学习,温伯格在哈佛大学访问了一年,然后又去同城的麻省理工学院访问了两年。到麻省理工学院不久,就发生了科迈罗汽车里的 “顿悟”,建立了弱相互作用和电磁相互作用的统一理论。这导致他1979年与格拉肖和萨拉姆平分诺贝尔物理学奖。1969年,温伯格成为麻省理工学院的教授。1973年,温伯格接替了从哈佛大学退休的施温格的 Eugene Higgins 讲座教授职位。1982年,温伯格离开哈佛,成为德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校 Jack S. Josey-Welch Foundation Regents 讲座教授,此后一直在这个职位上。去哥本哈根读研、到哈佛和麻省理工访问又留下,都有考虑夫人的因素。据说去德克萨斯大学的一个原因是该校同时为夫人提供教职。在伯克利,温伯格曾经因后背问题卧床休息,他夫人送给他一本钱德拉塞卡的书《恒星结构》阅读。笔者注意到,《引力和宇宙学》和《量子场论》第一卷的扉页上都写了 “献给路易丝(To Louise)”;《亚原子粒子的发现》的扉页上写了 “献给伊丽莎白(To Elizabeth)”;Facing Up的扉页上写了“献给路易丝和伊丽莎白(To Louise and Elizabeth)”;Lake View、《量子力学讲义》、《宇宙学》、《解释世界:发现近代科学》,《天体物理讲义》以及《近代物理基础》的扉页上都写了 “献给路易丝、伊丽莎白和加布里埃尔(To Louise, Elizabeth and Gabrielle)”。Elizabeth 和 Gabrielle 是他的女儿和女婿。
1967年,温伯格先是在研究强相互作用,考虑一种近似的整体对称性SU(2)×SU(2)。这是从南部的模型发展而来,SU(2)是质子与中子之间的同位旋对称,有两个SU(2)是因为左旋和右旋分开来。温伯格试图将这个整体对称性变成局域的,正如杨振宁和米尔斯对同位旋对称所做的推广。因此温伯格用到杨-米尔斯理论和规范对称性自发破缺,但是得到的结果与实验不符。这个难题卡在温伯格脑中几个星期。1967年10月2日,温伯格开着一辆红色的雪佛兰科迈罗去麻省理工学院办公室 [2]。路上,温伯格突然意识到,他的方法可以用到弱相互作用上。这个时刻也许是温伯格作为理论物理学家最刻骨铭心的时刻。可重整化的要求给理论形式一定限制,要求规范对称性是U(1)×SU(2)。因为当时夸克(参与电磁、弱和强相互作用)的存在还没有确立,温伯格集中于轻子(不参与强相互作用)。在这个理论中,规范对称性自发破缺后,给出传递电磁相互作用的光子,传递弱相互作用的3个有质量的规范粒子( 电荷为±e 的W±和不带电的Z0粒子),以及一个希格斯粒子。SU(2)有3个分量,其中两个组合成W±。第三个与只有一个分量的U(1)组合成Z0和光子,组合方式可以用某个角度来表示,后被称为温伯格角。这使得W±和Z0的质量都可以表达为温伯格角的函数。Z0是电中性的,它传递弱相互作用,引起中微子这样的中性粒子的运动,叫做弱中性流。两周后,关于这个理论的论文《轻子的模型(A model of leptons)》寄给了期刊《物理评论通信》[29]。 文章用了 “自发对称破缺” 一词。这篇文章发表后的4年内,无人引用,然后从1971年开始,每年引用数稳步增加,成为引用最多的高能物理论文之一。 我在Web of Science 上查到,截至2021年7月28日,引用数是6134,每年引用数见下图。
我和温伯格的点滴交往我2010年至2011年在德克萨斯大学奥斯特分校访问(在牛谦教授组里)。在这期间旁听了温伯格教授的 “量子场论选题” 和 “量子力学” 两门课,并向他请教过若干问题。记得他课后坐电梯时也象其他人一样看看手机。有一次他向我提到,不知道量子力学的光学定理有什么参考文献,我很快查到 Roger Newton 在 American Journal of Physics 上的一篇综述 [33],发给了他。 我曾经问他一个广义相对论的问题,他回答后,指出可以在他的《引力论和宇宙论》里找到有关讨论。温伯格教授还主动送给我当时出版不久的 Lake View,并签了名。他告诉我,他仅在1978年访问过中国,大概是由李政道先生引荐。
当然,面对维纳这样一位复杂的人物以及信息时代早期发展的复杂历史,读者也可以参阅之前有关维纳的传记进行深一步的阅读,如P. R. MASANI所著的Norbert Wiener 1894–1964以及S. J. HEIMS所著的John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener: From Mathematics to the Technologies of Life and Death。
撰文|王飞跃(中国科学院自动化研究所复杂系统管理与控制国家重点实验室)责编|邸利会
2018年6月中旬,我应邀赴斯德哥尔摩参加瑞典皇家理工学院的一次博士论文答辩。答辩开始之前,我问参会的教授们:“维纳死在哪里?” 没想到,来自欧美五国的五位同事和当地的教授不但不知道,有的还反问:“Who is Norbert Wiener?”
那一年,哈佛物理学家、哈佛Mark计算机的创造者 Howard Aiken乘完成MarkII之际,召开了一次自动计算机会议,欧美157名大学代表、103名政府代表、75名产业代表与会,但大会期望的主角维纳却因为计算机与 “制导导弹项目太紧密”,在最后时刻拒绝参加,不但让组织者艾肯愤怒,更让报纸及媒体关注并大肆宣扬,迫使维纳私下声明:“我放弃所有计算机相关的研究”,还公开宣布:“不再从事和美国政府有关联的任何研究工作。”
2021 年 7 月 23 日于怀德海学院 参考资料:(可上下滑动浏览)
[1] F. Conway, J. Siegelman, Dark Hero of the Information Age: In Search of Norbert Wiener The Father of Cybernetics, Basic Books, 2005, New York.[2] Fei-Yue Wang, From Norbert Wiener to Karl Popper: A Journey of Parallel Cybernetics in Three Worlds, Norbert Wiener Lecture, IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society, Hong Kong, China SAS, October 11, 2015.[3] Herman Goldstine, The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann, Princeton University Press, NJ: Princeton, 1980.[4] Michal Meyer, The Rise and Fall of Vannevar Bush, Distillations, Science History Institute, 2018.[5] MTR Editors, Claude Shannon: Reluctant Father of the Digital Age, MIT Technology Review, July 1, 2001.[6] Siobhan Roberts, Claude Shannon, The Father of the Information Age, Turns, Annals of Technology at The New Yorker, April 30, 2016.[7] Gonzalo Suardiaz, Claude Shannon, the Forgotten Inventor of the Digital Age, BBRA Openmind, April 30, 2021.制版编辑 | 卢卡斯
The previous Chapter (Chapter 28) has provided some bases on the metaphysical differences between the two different political systems (the Western democracy and the Eastern Confucianism).
The detailed discussion on the Eastern Confucianism is discussed in the book (Bible of China Studies; US copyright #TX 8-685-690, collected by many Ivory League University Libraries, and its pdf is now available at https://tienzengong.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/bible-of-china-studies.pdf). In summary, it has three key points.
One, the SOURCE of the legitimacy of the political power is from the MANDATE OF HEAVEN (Heaven’s Will).
Two, the manifestation of this legitimacy is the HEAVENLY MORALITY, imbedded in the conscience of every Chinese individual; that is, people’s will = Heaven’s Will.
Three, the operational mechanism is the ‘Trinity of Chinese Governance’, with the following circle, the 3 legs (citizens, King/central power, and bureaucrats) of the political cauldron:
{People’s will = Heaven’s Will} — > {King/Centre Government, ordained by Heaven’s Mandate, People’s will} —> {King/Centre Government rules over the bureaucrats} —> {Bureaucrats governs the people}
On the other hand, the Western democracy EXCLUDES any influence from the HEAVEN on two standpoints.
One, Thomas Paine wrote, “There never did, there never will, and there never can exist a parliament, or any description of men, or any generation of men, in any country, possessed of the right or the power of binding and controuling posterity to the ‘end of time,’ … The vanity and presumption of governing beyond the grave, is the most ridiculous and insolent of all tyrannies. (Rights of man, page 9)
Two, From John Locke (Two Treatises of Government) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (The Social Contract), the key point is: exchanging (abandoning) the NATURE RIGHTS (morality based) with a civil contract (human ethics).
Thus, the Western democracy is based on the following three points.
One, the SOURCE of the legitimacy of the political power is from the General Will of its citizens. Two, the manifestation of this General Will is the human ethics (a social contract), not heavenly morality, the separation of the Church and State. That is, the Western democracy expels any transcendental MORALITY but is totally about human ethics.
Three, the operational mechanism is a voting system and a manmade governing system (such as the 3 branches system of the US), see Note 6.
From the phenomenology (external expressions of a system), the Western democracy encompasses many inequalities: the racial inequality, the economic (livelihood, health care, ) inequality (see note3
in Chapter 26), justice inequality, etc.
Are these inequalities the direct consequences of the system, the manifestations of its essence? Or are they the foreign invaders which are unable to be eradicated by the system? To answer this question, we must revisit its metaphysical foundation.
For the Confucianism, it is based on the heavenly morality,
the 仁{= 人 (human) +
二 (two)}; that is, 仁is about the ‘Otherness-ism”, putting others first while annihilating the SELF. So, the key human right of Confucianism is the “right of life (survive) of others”. If all others’ lives are in danger, it is the shame of my life. If all others’ lives are in danger because of the acts of king (government), I (a self) will rise to rebel (even with the sacrifice of my own life). In Confucianism, the ‘right to rebel” preempts all other rights.
On the other hand, the Western democracy is based on exchanging the nature rights to a social contract. This exchanging process amplifies the Self-interests in all exchanges, and this leads to INDIVIDUALISM. This self-interest leads to competition. In all competitions, there are winners and losers, and thus the inequalities.
So, the key human right in the Western democracy is the RIGHT of doing the exchange, and this right is manifested as the right to VOTE. With this ‘right to vote’, all other rights (racial equality, economic equality, justice equality, etc.) are no longer as rights but are the awards/privileges of the competitions.
So, all the inequalities in the West are not foreign elements but are the direct consequences of this democracy system from its essence: via the right to vote and kills all the rights of equality in principle while they might still be preserved in some practices. The first amendment: freedom of speech is just a social contract. The right to protest (an extension of the freedom of speech) can never become the RIGHT of rebel.
By all means, I am not trying to judge which system is better here. All that I am trying to do is to show that political systems are all isomorphic to the physics system (the Physics – TOE), as the Political TOE. And that will be the major task in the next Chapter (Chapter 30). However, I should still describe those political systems as they are first.
As I have written an entire book on the Eastern Confucianism, I will use this chapter to describe the Western democracy system.
The phenomenology of the Western Democracy
In the previous Chapter (Chapter 28), I have described the Western democracy on it metaphysical level: Exchanging Nature Rights (Morality) with a social contract (human ethics).
This exchange assumes:
that Human Nature (self-interest, individualism) is similar and will reach a General
that the competitions (leaded by self-interest) will maximize the General Welfare for the entire population.
that the human ethics (without the support of heavenly morality) can ensure the operations of the two assumptions
These 3 assumptions are interlinked. If any one of the three is wrong, the entire system collapses. These three principles above are implemented via a two-step system:
Step one (the metaphysical base): strip all human rights with one (right to vote); that is, putting
everyone on an equal footing. From this equal footing, everyone must compete, and the winner takes more.
Step two (the implementation): via differentiation and integration. The right to vote is differentiated to individual (1) which is infinitesimal, near zero (0) in practice in a society. That is, the political power can only be regained if those differentiated individual can be integrated. So, in practice, the political power in the West is not about the ‘right to vote’ but is all about the ways and the abilities of integration. So, this system immediately divides people into two classes:
being differentiated (infinitesimal, near zero politicalpower),
the integrators, the political
Integration needs an integrating machine, which costs a lot of money. That is, with money, one can become an integrator, the power holder. Without the money, one can only be integrated.
That is, the Western democracy is a legal term to divide people into two groups: the HAVE and the have- NOT.
Democracy = mercantilism
In essence, democracy via ‘right to vote’ is an inherent diverging power and the inherent driving force for all inequalities.
Furthermore, if there are more than one way of integration, the assumption 1 (reaching General Consensus) will eventually be wrong, and a greatly divided society will be the inevitable outcome, see the graph below.
So, the assumption of John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Thomas Paine that a human ethics-based system (without the backbone of heavenly morality) can lead to General consensus and Common Welfare is wrong, both on the metaphysical level and on the implementation realities. The fact is that
this Western democracy will inevitably decay into extremes in principle.
A theoretical analysis
Without the backbone of Heavenly morality, all social contracts will inevitably decay into extreme contradictory extremes.
With upholding the “right to vote” as the preempting right, it will inevitably lead to all kinds of inequalities, as the true Nature human Rights {right to live (health care, job, etc.), right to no fear of unjust killing (by police, etc.), etc.} becomes privileges (the spoils of the competitions).
Yet, some particular political structures (such as the American one, with three branches) can further amplify the two processes (diverging on general consensus and increasing the inequalities) above.
The US system of three branches is claimed to be balanced and mutually checked. Are these three branches balanced with equal power (1/3 for each)?
In principle, the Congress has the power of creating (legislation) the laws (the social contracts). The President (executive) can only execute the legislated laws.
The Supreme Court is to settle the dispute of any issue in the country, by interpreting the laws.
Seemingly, this is a system of truly dividing the three distinguishing powers (functions) of a nation to three branches, in principle.
Although there is a checking power implemented in Congress to check the other two branches with the power of impeachment, there is not a single success case in the past 240 years in the US history in practice. In a dynamic equation, if variable X should drive a consequence Y; yet, in real measurement, Y was never detected in Z amount of time. Then, the power (effectiveness) of X can be easily calculated and an upper limit can be easily established. In this impeachment case, the real measurement is ZERO in 240 years; that is, its upper limit is (1/240) % < 0.4% chance to be effective in the future.
For the most recent case, even if Donald Trump were 100% guilty as charged, he will not be convicted in practice by any means. Can ever a president or supreme court justice be removed from office (not just in the 240 years) in a practical way? The simple arithmetic analysis shows that that chance is not good.
First, the checking (removing) process on other branches is DIVIDED into two steps (impeach by the House and convict by the Senate), just and fair in principle but could be totally unjust and unfair in practice.
A rascal President or Supreme Court Justice will not be impeached if he is protected by the House. If he is impeached by the House, he can still be protected by the Senate. That is, any rascal President or Justice can dodge the fate of being removed by playing the politics, courting the House or the Senate. The historical record has proved this scenario. In the historical record, the TRUE checking power is just a joke, not a reality thus far, and most likely will stay as a joke in the long, long future.
(Bible of China Studies;US copyright#TX 8-685-690)一书中进行了讨论,该书由许多常春藤联盟大学图书馆收集,其pdf文件现在可在https://tienzengong.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/bible-of-china-studies.pdf).
本质上,通过选举权实现的民主是一种内在的分歧力量,是一切不平等的内在驱动力。此外,如果有一种以上的整合方式,假设1(达成普遍共识)最终将是错误的,一个大分裂的社会将是不可避免的结果,见下图。因此,john locke,让-雅克·卢梭和 thomas paine 关于一个以人类伦理为基础的系统(没有天堂道德的支柱)可以导致普遍共识和共同福利的假设是错误的,无论是在形而上学的层面上还是在实施的现实中。
Linguistics is, seemingly, well-defined with some sub-fields, such as, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and some applied linguistics. Each sub-field encompasses all nature languages without a unified framework. That is, there is no common ground within or among these sub-fields linguistically to produce a universal language. Historically, the universal language was proclaimed with the economical and political supremacy, such as, Greek, Latin and English, etc.. They can, in fact, be the lingua franca for a short time period but will definitely fade into the history sooner or later. However, after the discovery of the PreBabel Principle in 2009, the linguistic based universal language and the Super Unified Linguistic Theory arose. A unified framework on linguistics is understood now. The following eight issues outline the framework of this Linguistics Manifesto.
谈谈朴素相对论,朴素相对论说的是什么呢?大家看一个景象,这是我们大家都非常熟悉的景象,晴天的时候月亮会从东边缓缓升起。可是在人类几千年的文明史里,没有哪部文学作品会给你描述地球如何升起的景象,直到有一天我们的人类自己能够进入太空的时候才想到这样的景象,地球出来了,这个蓝色的球非常漂亮,这说明什么?这说明这个景象始终是从我们脚底下能看到的景象,我们从来没想到如果把我们的观点(point of view),也就是你看问题的出发点挪到别的地方的时候,你是可以看到其他景象的,但是我们没有这种自觉。 所以养成换个观点去看世界的习惯很难,这也是为什么大家经常吵架的原因,我们总是从自己的观点看问题,而不是从别人的观点看问题,虽然很难,但如果养成了这种习惯其实非常有用。
The abc conjecture: there are a finite number of c (= a + b), for
c > rad (abc)^ (1+ ε); ε > 0, a real number
Or
c < K (ε) x rad (abc)^ (1+ ε) for ALL c; K (ε) > 0, a real number.
Let a = d + d1 = (p^n x dp) + d1; dp is the largest prime for d; d1 is the smallest integer for a to have a d.
Example: a = 17 = 18 – 1 = (3^2x 2) -1; 18 = d, d1 = -1, p = 3, dp = 2, n = 2
Doing the same for b and c;
b = e + e1 = (q^m x ep) + e1
c = f + f1 = (w^k x fp) + f1
So, the rad (abc) = rad (a) rad (b) rad (c)
For rad (c) >= c, f1 ≠ 0 is the necessary condition.
For c >= rad (abc), f1 = 0 is the necessary condition; that is, c cannot be a prime.
The sufficient condition (SC): rad (abc) = pqw (dp x ep x fp) < C
Some scenarios can be evaluated for this sufficient condition (SC).
Scenario 1: if d1 = e1 = 0 and there is a h1 (a natural number) while 1 < h1 < min {n, m, k}, then SC = true
Scenario 2: if d1 = 0 and there is a h2 (a natural number) while 1 < h2 < min {n, m, k}, then SC = true
Scenario 3: if e1 = 0 and there is a h3 (a natural number) while 1 < h3 < min {n, m, k}, then SC = true
Scenario 4: all other cases (the uncertainty).
All four cases, the SC = true.
For any give c (with f1 = 0, not a prime), there are S1 (number of cases meeting scenario 1), S2, S3 and S4.
Let S = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4; S can be finite or infinite.
Now, {rad (abc) < c} = {for any c (not a prime, f1 = 0), is S finite?}
For any given c, we can do some actual search for S1, S2, S3.
From our experience, S1 + S2 + S3 is more often as finite than not.
However, there is no way of guaranteeing that S4 is finite.
By not knowing the answer, we can try with tossing a coin on S4 of an arbitrary selected c: head = true; tail = false.
Then, the P (S) = {tail (50%), head (50%)} after infinite many tosses.
Law 1: There are infinite many c (= a + b) for c > rad (abc).
Obviously, law 1 is a physics law, verifiable via experiments.
Now, we can make a cheating weight (ε > 0, a real number) and add it to rad (abc) side as {rad (abc) ^ (1+ ε)}.
With this cheating weight on the rad side as {rad (abc)^ (1+ ε) < c}, then P (S) = {tail (< 50%), head (> 50%)} of each toss. Again, this can be verified physically.
After N tosses, P (S, N) = {P(S, tail)/N = (~ 0), P (S, head)/N = (~100)}; that is, for any c (a real number while a + b = c) there is always a N (ε) for each ε (a real number) to ensure that
{N (ε) x rad (abc)^ (1+ ε) > c}, N (ε) is the number of toss needed for that (ε).
Again, this can be verified physically.
The above process can be proved in four steps: induction (operational) progressive process, a verification TRAIN.
First, making the above simple tossing [selecting an arbitrary c (= a + b) and doing the actual search] process into a game with the following rules.
Every game consists of T (=10) tosses, which produces (i tails, j heads), T = i + j = 10 in this case.
So, P (SC = true) = j/T, P (SC = false) = i/T, P the possibility of SC
ΔP = P (SC = false) – P (SC = true),
If ΔP > 0, abc conjecture is false.
If ΔP < 0, abc conjecture is true
Let G = 1 when ΔP < 0; G = 0 when ΔP >= 0
This game will be repeated N times.
When N = 1, G1 = (0 or 1)
N = 2, G2 = (0 or 1)
…
N = n, Gn = (0 or 1)
Let G’n = (number of 1) – (number of 0); {(number of 1) + (number of 0) = n}
Definition 1: If G’n > 0 for all n > N (ε), [N (ε) a large number > 0], then abc conjecture is true.
Second, the cheating: a cheating weight ε is added on one side of the tossing coin.
That is: ΔX = {rad (abc)^ (1+ ε) – rad (abc)} = rad (abc)^ε
Law 2 (the indeterminacy): when ΔX = 0, the average of ΔP = 0 after n games (n x T tosses) when n is a large number.
Law 2 can be verified physically.
Law 3: when ΔX > 0, the average of ΔP < 0 after n games (n x T tosses) when n is large. (This can be proved by actual calculation and search with a finite n).
Third, the induction proof of law 1, 2, 3: these physically proofs establish a verification TRAIN.
Fourth, going beyond the induction: is there a math ghost rascal which can sabotage the above induction TRAIN?
The answer is no: a cheating game cannot be sabotaged even by a ghost rascal; see the ghost rascal law.
Ghost-rascal law — For a coin flipping (tossing) game (head vs tail), T is the number times flip as one ‘game’, N is the number times that that ‘game’ is played. If T >= 10 and N >= 10^500, then no amount of sabotage from a Ghost can change the outcome of this game.
This is a physics law which can be verified by actual verification to any large number N. This Ghost-rascal law is, in fact, the way that nature GENERATES the standard model particles, see Chapter four of this book. For nature, T = 3 and a finite number N is enough to guarantee the generating and confining the particle zoo.
Law 4:the induction TRAIN of Law 1, 2, 3 with a large n cannot be sabotaged by any math ghost rascal.
With this ghost-rascal guarantee, there is always an N (ε) for each ε (a real number) to ensure that {N (ε) x rad (abc) ^ (1+ ε) > c} for ALL c (= a + b), N (ε) is the number of toss needed for that (ε).
The abc conjecture is now proved.
However, this Ghost-rascal law is a physics law which can be verified via physics means. Without this Ghost-rascal law, the abc conjecture cannot be proved.
While the human math can only be proved via the lego rules, the nature math can and sometimes only be verified via physical means. In fact, the nature math is the nature laws (same as physics laws).
But what does this abc conjecture mean in the number (or physics) system?
Equation of Wonder: bigger the ΔX, smaller the ΔP < 0.
For every c (= a + b)
Let a = d + d1 = (p^n x dp) + d1; dp is the largest prime for d; d1 is the smallest integer for a to have a d.
b = e + e1 = (q^m x ep) + e1
c = f + f1 = (w^k x fp) + f1
Then {p, q, w, dp, ep, fp, d1, e1, f1, n, m, k} are the players for the dynamics of rad (abc).
Let Q be the dynamics of rad (abc) on those players.
With ΔX (on rad (abc)), there will be a ΔQ.
Definition 2: ΔQ = | h/ ΔP|; the larger |ΔP < 0| is, the stronger the possibility that abc conjecture is true. That is, the larger |ΔP < 0| is, the smaller ΔQ is.
Now, the equation of wonder can be rewritten as:
ΔQ = h/ ΔX or (ΔQ x ΔX = h), h is a real number and should be a constant.
|ΔP < 0| = h/ ΔQ is the possibility of whether there is infinite SC {sufficient condition (SC): rad (abc) = pqw (dp x ep x fp) < c} for an arbitrary c (= a + b).
That is, |ΔP < 0| = h/ ΔQ really defines the internal radical/prime dynamics for SC?
The equation {ΔQ x ΔX = h} shows that ΔQ (internal radical/prime dynamics) is confined by ΔX (the cheating weight).